<p>George Maddox Farm, also known as Cottage Hall Farm or Albert Sudler Farm, is a historic farm complex located at Manokin, Somerset County, Maryland. It is an intact complex of 15 agricultural buildings and structures dating from about 1800 through the early 20th century. The complex includes six pre-Civil War structures including a frame granary, two dairies, a log smokehouse, another  log outbuilding, and a frame kitchen/quarter. Seven post-war structures include a barn, two garages, tenant house, privy, well house, and chicken house. The main house is a -story irregular-plan Queen Anne house, roughly cruciform in plan. An early-19th-century single-story kitchen extends from the back of the house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Sudler&#39;s Conclusion is a historic home located at Manokin, Somerset County, Maryland. It is a two-part house consisting of a -story, early-18th-century Flemish bond brick section with a frame two-story west wing erected about 1840. Also on the property is a log smokehouse, frame tobacco barn, and a small private cemetery.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Waters&#39; River, also known as the Robertson Farm, is a historic home located at Manokin, Somerset County, Maryland, United States. It is a large plantation house constructed between 1800 and 1820 on the Big Annemessex River. It is a two-story, Flemish bond brick house with a steeply pitched gable roof. The interior features a great deal of Federal period detail including the stair and balustrade; mantels; paneled doors and reveals; and baseboard, chair rail, and architrave moldings.</p><br>
<p>Waters&#39; River was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Maddux House, also known as Madduxs Island, Madduxs Warehouse, Inclosure, and Capt. William T. Ford House, is a historic home located at Upper Fairmount, Somerset County, Maryland. It is located on a high ridge of land overlooking the Manokin River and Back Creek. It is a two-story, six-bay, L-shaped frame house with steeply pitched roofs. The house dates to the 18th century, with an addition dating to around 1850–60.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Panther&#39;s Den, also known as Kolheim House, is a historic home located at Venton, Somerset County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story, Flemish bond brick house with a steeply pitched, wood-shingled gable roof. It was originally constructed in the second quarter of the 18th century, enlarged late in the 18th century, and remodeled on the interior between 1830 and 1850. Also on the property is a pyramidal-roofed dairy, a board-and-batten tack house, and family burial plot.</p><br>
<p>Panther&#39;s Den was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Inez Johnson Lewis School, also known as Lewis-Palmer School District #38 Administration Building, is a building in Monument, Colorado. It was designed by architects MacLaren & Hetherington of Colorado Springs and was built in 1920. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The school was deemed historically significant not for its architecture, but as a symbol of "educational developments and advancements" in its county, El Paso County, Colorado. It was one of the first built for purpose of consolidating students from former rural schools so that a higher quality education could be provided. It is typical of school buildings constructed by the county in the 1920s. The building was named for Inez Johnson Lewis, superintendent of El Paso County Schools from 1915 to 1929, and Colorado&#39;s state superintendent of schools from 1930 to 1946.</p><br>
<p>The Windsor Court Historic District is a residential historic district in Southbridge, Massachusetts, United States. It is a collection of five three-family residences located on Windsor Court and adjacent North Street that were built by the American Optical Company between 1915 and 1917 to provide worker housing. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Windsor Court is a short spur road on the south side of North Street, which runs east–west north of Southbridges downtown and south of the Quinebaug River. Between the road and the river stands part of the former manufacturing facility of the American Optical Company, once Southbridges leading employer. Two of the five buildings in the district flank Windsor Court, facing south toward North Street, while the other three stand on the west side of Windsor Court. They are essentially identical in original construction, 2-1/2 story wood frame structures with gable roofs. They differ from traditional triple-decker construction in that they have gabled roofs and Colonial Revival styling. Distinctive features include corner pilasters and recessed porches, some of which have since been enclosed. Although the roofline starts at the second floor, the houses have dormers that run most of the length of the structure, giving the third floor unit additional space. These features are similar to those found in another cluster of company housing on Twinehurst Place.</p><br>
<p>These houses typified the densest form of residential housing built by the American Optical Company to house its workers. These buildings were built between 1915 and 1917, and were rented to workers at $7 per month for the lower units, and $6 for the third floor.</p><br>
<p>Southbridge station is a former train station in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1910 by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad , it is a rare local example of Spanish Mediterranean architecture, and is the only surviving railroad building in the town. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 as New York, New Haven & Hartford Passenger Depot. It presently serves as the town&#39;s registry for motor vehicles.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former station is located on a roughly triangular parcel between Southbridge’s downtown and the Quinebaug River, where much of its industry was historically located. The parcel is bounded on the northeast by the former railroad tracks, the south by Larochelle Way (formerly Depot Street), and on the north and west by Hook Street. It is a single story wood frame structure, built in a Spanish Colonial style, with stucco walls and tile roof. A similarly-roofed passenger waiting area once lined the south side of the track on the platform just north of the station, but this has been removed.</p><br>
<p>Southbridge&#39;s railroad service began in 1866, with service provided by the Blackstone and Southbridge Railroad. The track originally extended further to the northwest, nearer the Hamilton Woolen Company mill complex, where there once stood passenger and freight depots and an office building. After a series of mergers, the service was taken over by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1907. This depot was built by that railroad in 1910, and served as a passenger station until 1930. Its style, which is uncommon in any sort of building in central Massachusetts, was somewhat typical for railroad-related infrastructure during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Cliff Cottage is a historic cottage at 187 Mill Street  in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built before 1855, it is a distinctive combination of Greek Revival and Gothic features executed in stone. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Cliff Cottage is located in Southbridge&#39;s Globe Village area, on the north side of Mill Street east of Fisk Street. It is set on a rise above the street that overlooks the Quinebaug River. It is a -story structure, built principally out of stone. The main level of the house is built of paneled stone, and has an asymmetrical T-shaped layout. It has original casement windows, and its roof is punctured by a series of gable end dormers decorated with scallop trim. The porch is in a Greek Revival style. The house is a rare example of Gothic styling in Southbridge.</p><br>
<p>The house was built sometime before 1855, when it first appears on local maps. The combination of Greek Revival and Gothic Revival features suggests that it was built after 1830. The area was then experiencing rapid growth due to the success of the Hamilton Company mills, and this part of Globe Village was developed by the locally prominent McKinstry family. It is not known for whom this house was built; its owner in 1855 was listed as F. McKinstry. It was given a substantial renovation in 2014 and 2015. In 2017, the original barn was razed and replaced.</p><br>
<p>The Dani and Soldani Cabinet Makers and Wood Workers Factory is a historic factory building at 484 Worcester Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1914, it is a good example of a small early-20th century factory, and is important for its association with both the locally significant optical industry, and its history of Italian immigration. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Dani and Soldani Cabinet Makers and Wood Workers Factory is located north of downtown Southbridge, at the northeast corner of Worcester Street (Massachusetts Route 169) and Vinton Street. It is a modest T-shaped brick structure, two stories in height and covered by a flat roof. Doors and windows are set in segmented-arch openings, and windows have concrete sills. The principal adornment of the exterior is a band of brick corbelling at the roofline.</p><br>
<p>The building was built about 1914 for the Optical Lens Company, a short-lived business apparently seeking to capitalize on the success of the nearby American Optical Company. In 1926 the building was purchased by Eugenio Dani and Giovanni Soldani, Italian immigrants who had started a cabinet-making business at their home on Elm Street in 1912. Their workshop was the first major Italian-originated business in Southbridge. They also make chairs, table, cabinets and tool handles. It continues to be used for light industrial manufacturing.</p><br>
<p>Southbridge Town Hall is an historic town hall at 41 Elm Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. The imposing Romanesque Revival building was built in 1888 to serve as both the town hall and the public high school. It is the only major Romanesque building to survive in Southbridge. and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time of its construction, the town had been considering separate buildings to function as town hall and high school, replacing the single Greek Revival building that was serving both purposes (on the site of the present town hall). The town eventually decided, as a cost-saving measure, to build the single building, which served both purposes until a dedicated high school was built in 1927. Classrooms and town offices occupied the first floor, and a large meeting space was on the second floor. The interior underwent some renovations in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the building has typical Romanesque styling, with massive stone blocks, large arches, and textured ornamental brickwork. The massing is asymmetrical, with a round clocktower on the left. The entranceway features a two-story arched brick surround over a pair of doorways, each of which is itself surrounded by a stone block arch supported by twin columns.</p><br>
<p>During the period of the Romanesque Revival&#39;s popularity, three buildings were built in Southbridge. The other two, a bank building and the YMCA, are no longer standing. The town hall is now its only surviving example of this style.</p><br>
<p>The Smith–Lyon Farmhouse is a historic farm at 400 N. Woodstock Road in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It is an unusual example of a well-preserved rural Greek Revival house in Southbridge. It is a -story wood-frame house. The gable-end front facade features full-length sidelights around the door, pilastered corner trim, a pedimented gable, and a full-width porch with Doric columns. It is reported by have been built c. 1850 by Luther Smith, a mule dealer. By 1878 the farm was owned by Lucius Lyon.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Simon Plimpton Farmhouse is a historic farm in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It was probably built about 1789 by Simon Plimpton and his brother Baxter on family-owned land. Baxter Plimpton eventually deeded his share over to Simon; the house has been in the hands of Plimpton descendants since. The house is a -story wood-frame house, five bays wide, with a center chimney. Although the house is nominally Federal in its styling, there are Greek Revival details  that may have been added later. The full-width front porch is a late 19th-century addition.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel C. Hartwell House is a historic house at 79 Elm Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It is an unusual example of an early Queen Anne Victorian house built of brick. It was constructed in the 1870s for Dr. Samuel Cyrus Hartwell, a prominent local doctor, and was built at a time when the Gothic Revival was more popular. It has decorated chimneys, and two turrets, which are signature elements of the Queen Anne style, along with contrasting stone courses and a multicolored slate roof.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Globe Village Fire House is a historic former fire house on West Street at Main Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It is the first of two fire stations built by the city in the 1890s; the other, the Elm Street Fire House, is still in use as a fire station. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. At the time of its listing it had been repurposed for use by a veterans group.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Globe Village Fire House is located near the center of the Southbridge&#39;s Globe Village, a commercial nexus west of downtown Southbridge, on the south side of West Street near Main Street. It is a relatively modest Colonial Revival brick structure, although it shares some Greek Revival features with other nearby brick structures. It is 2-1/2 stories in height, with three equipment bays occupying most of the ground floor. To their left is a corner tower, capped by a mansard-style roof, with a pedestrian entrance set in a recess at its base. Most doors and windows are set in segmented-arch openings, and there is a round window at the center of the front gable. The building corners are adorner with brick pilasters, and a line of brick corbelling is set under the roof eave.</p><br>
<p>The station was built in 1894, and was the second permanent home for the Globe Village Fire Company, which had been founded in 1832. The first building for this company was built in 1860, and stood on the north side of Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The Academie Brochu is a historic school at 29 Pine Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1899, it is one of the city&#39;s most imposing Colonial Revival buildings, and a significant element of the development of its Franco-American community. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 1989. It was gifted to Harrington Memorial Hospital and now houses Harrington Health System offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Academie Brochu is located on the east side of Pine Street, south of its junction with Hamilton Street in central Southbridge. It is a three-story brick structure, set on a raised stone foundation, with a hip roof. Its red brick walls are contrasted by limestone and yellow brick trim, and a metal cornice and frieze below the roofline. The academy was constructed in 1899 by Chickering & O&#39;Connell of Springfield in a Colonial Revival style to serve the growing French Canadian population of Southbridge.</p><br>
<p>The academy was named for Msgr. George Elzear Brochu, pastor of the Notre Dame Church, who gave personal funds to the effort. The academy served as the parish school for Notre Dame Parish, and was run first by the Sisters of St. Anne, and then by the Sisters of the Assumption from Nicolet, Quebec. The school had been established in 1881, and was by the late 1890s in need of proper quarters. The academy building has six classrooms on each of the first two floors, and a chapel on the third floor that is large enough to hold the entire school population. The Colonial Revival styling is at odds with the more traditional French styling of the neighboring church, but it is still one of the most imposing buildings in the town.</p><br>
<p>The Bacon–Morse Historic District encompasses a historic rural village center in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It consists of a collection of houses and barns, as well as a cemetery, at the intersection of North Woodstock and Tipton Rock Roads. Its name comes from the early settlers of the area, who included families named Morse and Bacon. The area once also included a tavern and a schoolhouse, but these were demolished some years ago. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The most notable structure in the district is the c. 1750 Freeman-Pratt House, which is one of the best-preserved Federal style farmhouses in Southbridge. The oldest portion of the house is a 1-1/2 story five section that is now an ell on a two-story main structure. The house features a fanlight over the front door, with pilasters and sidelights surrounding the door. A barn from the 19th century also survives on the property.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Freeman-Pratt House, there are 4 other houses in the district, two of which are Greek Revival, one is Late Victorian, and the last is a 1910 construction of unidentified style. The Morse Cemetery, formally established in 1789, is estimated to contain over 200 graves, many predating 1840.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This area was settled in the mid-18th century by members of the Bacon, Morse, and Pratt families. By 1830, there was a cluster of six houses near the road intersection, along with a school, established about 1772. The area remained largely agricultural into the 20th century, acquiring as industry a lumber yard in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Elm Street Fire House is a historic fire house at 24 Elm Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1899, it was Southbridge&#39;s second fire house  to be built in the 1890s, and serves as the fire department headquarters. The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Elm Street Fire House is located on the west side of Elm Street, just south of Main Street and Southbridge&#39;s main business district. It is a two-story brick structure, with a hip roof and a tall hose-drying tower at its northeast corner. The building is architecturally eclectic, exhibiting a mixture of Revival styles popular in the late 19th century. The tower is Italianate, with round-arch windows and a bracketed pyramidal roof with skirt. The equipment bays on the ground floor have rusticated brick voussoirs, shaping round-arch openings in three of the bays, and a segmented-arch opening in one. The second story has round-arch windows in its central bays, and rectangular sash windows at the southern end, all with keystones. Dormers in the hip roof have Gothic-arched gables. A single-story addition extends to the south, adding several more equipment bays.</p><br>
<p>Southbridges fire services began with a tub engine owned by the Hamilton Woolen Mill Company, the citys dominant business. In 1832 the city acquired its own engine, and established a volunteer force to operate both units. The #1 unit occupied a variety of spaces in the center until 1860, when the first station was built. The fire department was formally established in 1880, and water was provisioned to hydrants in the city in the 1890s. Two stations were built in the 1890s: the Globe Village Fire House in 1894, and this one in 1899.</p><br>
<p>This station was designed by Worcester architect George H. Clemence, whose previous commissions included some of that city&#39;s fire houses. Clemence is also credited with other designs in Southbridge, where was known to maintain an office, but the bulk of his best-known work is in Worcester.</p><br>
<p>The USA Immigration Office in Honolulu, Hawaii was constructed in 1934 based on a design by C.W. Dickey and Herbert C. Cayton. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Dickey was raised on Maui and became the acknowledged master of what became known as the "territorial style" of Hawaiian architecture. He had earlier designed the Alexander & Baldwin Building in downtown Honolulu, but felt that the somewhat similar design of the Immigration building "summed up his work." Similar renditions of the tiled, double-pitched, hipped "Dickey roof" with wide eaves can be found all over the islands, especially after its revival on many new buildings during the 1980s and 1990s. Other elements of the Dickey style include balanced proportions, open areas designed to provide natural light and ventilation, and decorative details such as the inlaid compass on the waiting room floor and floral patterns on the terra cotta ceiling tiles.</p><br>
<p>The site was a reception center for aliens arriving by ships during the various waves of immigration of laborers to the islands. The site is also recognized for the central role it had as a processing and internment site during World War II. The Honouliuli Internment Camp, near Ewa and Waipahu, is the other site on the island of Oahu that has met the criteria for national significance. The site contained an office building and apartments for the employees of the USA Immigration and Naturalization Service and their families.</p><br>
<p>Owned and managed by the General Services Administration, the complex must be returned to state control if declared surplus by the federal government., the building houses Homeland Security Investigations, a branch of USA Immigration and Customs Enforcement in the Department of Homeland Security and the State of Hawai‘i Department of Health.</p><br>
<p>A special resource study and environmental assessment released by the National Park Service in August 2015 determined that the Honouliuli Internment Camp historic site is a feasible addition to the national park system conditional upon securing public access to the site. However, the USA Immigration Station complex is not a feasible addition because the complex is currently used by the aforementioned governmental departments.</p><br>
<p>Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic African Methodist Episcopal Church congregation in Mobile, Alabama, United States. Emanuel AME began when church trustees purchased a vacant lot for their church in 1869, as African Americans in Mobile established their own congregations following the American Civil War. The trustees completed a frame building in that same year. The frame building was altered in 1881 when James F. Hutchisson, a locally prominent white architect, was hired to design a new facade. The existing building was faced in brick and the facade was redesigned in the Gothic Revival style. This made Emanuel AME Church comparable to white churches in the city and superior to both African American and white rural churches of the period. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 29, 1987, due to its architectural and historic significance.</p><br>
<p>State Street African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church is a historic African American church in Mobile, Alabama. It is the oldest documented Methodist church building in Alabama. It is also one of two African American churches founded in the Methodist tradition in Mobile prior to the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was founded in 1829 as the African Church of the City of Mobile, a mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. The original building burned and the current building was erected in 1854. By 1855 the church had a congregation of 550 members, making it one of the most successful African American churches in Alabama. Following the Civil War, the congregation joined the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The Methodist Episcopal Church South then challenged the right of the congregation to occupy the building. Under the leadership of their second minister, Wilbur G. Strong, the congregation obtained legal title to the building in 1872. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1978, due to its architectural and historic significance.</p><br>
<p>St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church is a historic African American church in Mobile, Alabama. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1976, due to its architectural and historic significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church began as a part of Mobile&#39;s African Baptist Church, located near the intersection of Springhill Avenue and Ann Street. The congregation was active by 1836, constructed its own building by 1839, and eventually became known as the Stone Street Baptist Church. A rift in this earlier church, over the sponsorship of a statewide missionary program, lead some members to establish what would become the St. Louis Street Missionary Baptist Church. The new congregation initially met near the intersection of Springhill Avenue and Broad Street, but by 1859 they had purchased the property on Dearborn Street.</p><br>
<p>The first pastor for the church was the Reverend Joshua Hawthorn, a white Baptist minister. Hawthorn left in 1860. He was followed by the Reverend Charles Leavens, the congregation&#39;s first African American minister. The congregation sent organizers all over the state, with the result of bringing in many new churches and pastors. The congregation built the current building in 1872, with the design by C. L. Hutchinsson, a local architect. The new building was host to the seventh Colored Baptist Convention of Alabama in 1874, a meeting that lead to the formation of Selma University in 1878.</p><br>
<p>The present edifice religious was restored much time after in 1897.</p><br>
<p>The Brisk & Jacobson Store is a historic Italianate-style commercial building in Mobile, Alabama. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 14, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site that the Brisk & Jacobson Store building would eventually occupy was previously occupied by a two-story brick building, built by 1850. It housed Daniels, Eglin, and Company, dry goods merchants, from 1852 until 1865. In 1865 the property was purchased for $50,000 by Isaac Goldsmith, of Goldsmith, Frohlichstein, and Company. The new four-story building with a cast iron facade was completed in 1866. The facade was cast by Daniel D. Badger&#39;s Architectural Iron Works in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Goldsmith and William Frohlichstein business partnership had ended by 1867, Goldsmith had become president of the Mobile Commercial Savings Company and Frohlichstein had formed a new dry goods company known as Frohlichstein, Hahn and Company. The building was occupied by this firm, as well as by J. Brisk and Company. In 1869 J. Brisk and Company became Brisk & Jacobson, headquartered in Plainfield, New Jersey. It specialized in wholesale and retail men&#39;s apparel. The building continued as the Brisk & Jacobson Store until 1893. After that date a succession of commercial enterprises were housed there.</p><br>
<p>White Oak Church, also known as White Oak Baptist Church and White Oak Primitive Baptist Church, is a historic Primitive Baptist church located off White Oak Road in Falmouth, Stafford County, Virginia. It was built sometime between 1789 and 1835, and is a rectangular frame structure sheathed in weatherboard. Also on the property are a contributing woodshed, mens and womens outhouses, and two cemeteries.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War in November 1862, White Oak Church became the center, for seven months, of an encampment of the Army of the Potomac. Around 20,000 soldiers of the VI Corps camped in the immediate area. At this time, the church served as a military hospital, a United States Christian Commission station, and as a photographic studio.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, some descendants of soldiers in the 15th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry made reunion trips to the Fredericksburg battlefields and White Oak Church. The reunion group included, J. Frank Lindsley; Henry B. Hoffman; his brother, Dr. Joseph R. Hoffman; Judge John B. Vreeland, a state senator from New Jersey; and Thomas B. Ironside. They aided in the repair of the church.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Leland Castle  is a building in New Rochelle, New York. It was constructed during the years in 1855 - 1859 in the Gothic Revival style, and was the country residence of Simeon Leland, a wealthy New York City hotel proprietor. Leland began to assemble an estate as early as 1848, and in 1855, began the erection of this palatial 60-room mansion. The home was designed by New York City architect William Thomas Beers. A north and south wing were added to the castle in 1899 and 1902 respectively.</p><br>
<p>Leland Castle and the surrounding property have since been incorporated as part of the campus of the College of New Rochelle. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and the New York State Register in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main structure is a -story, Gothic Revival home constructed of coarse granite stone. The exterior is enhanced on the southeast corner by a tall square tower, by an hexagonal tower on the northeast, and a round tower on the northwest. The main entrance on the eastern facade is framed by a Gothic pointed arch. Tall, black-walnut doors ornamented with lion&#39;s heads are flanked by slender sidelights crowned with Gothic details. All windows are decorated with Gothic tracery and topped with heavily molded labels. As late as 1890, a wooden porte cochere with an open balcony above it stood before the main entrance. Two wooden verandas also opened out from the original building, as did a greenhouse on the south end. All these had disappeared before 1900. The greenhouse was replaced by a veranda, which in turn was replaced in 1897 by a room that followed the outlines of the original greenhouse.</p><br>
<p>The entrance hall features walnut paneling and a blue and gold Minton tiled floor. The gothic style library contains a bay window with stained- and etched-glass borders, original interior shutters and bookcases, and one of the three original fireplaces in the mansion. Some of the first floor rooms are in the Renaissance style, with round arched doorways. The music room arches are crowned with rococo crests bearing busts of English sovereigns. In the dining room, a Renaissance-style sideboard and mantel, originally designed for this room, contrast with the Gothic diamond-paned windows with etched, amber-colored, stained-glass borders. The sliding doors between the dining and drawing rooms retain their panels of etched glass.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, a large wing was built onto the north side adjoining the former billiard room and picture gallery extension followed the Gothic style of the original castle. The attic rooms have been subdivided, and a small chapel was installed in a former bedroom on the second floor. In 1926, the wooden parapet of the rear north tower was destroyed by lightning. During the middle part of the 20th century, the wooden gables, turrets, and crenellations over the bay windows were replaced by galvanized iron copies.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, an interior staircase was installed in the square tower. The castle has three multiflue chimneys, which were originally used to heat the interior. The ornate fixtures of the original gas lighting system remain throughout. A chapel, not original to the building, is attached to the south elevation and a dormitory wing, with a larger chapel which was added in 1902.</p><br>
<h2>Historical background</h2><br>
<p>In 1848, Leland purchased a 40-acre site in New Rochelle overlooking Long Island Sound, on land originally developed by New York businessman Norman White as a summer home in 1838. Like many successful New York businessmen, he took advantage of the railroads development into the rural areas around New York and carefully planned a suburban enclave designed for graceful and stylish living. Famous for his well-run and fashionable Metropolitan Hotel in New Yorks theatre district, Leland&#39;s home became equally famous as he entertained there regularly.</p><br>
<p>Leland retired in 1872 when his lease on the Metropolitan Hotel expired and was given to William A. "Boss" Tweed. He died later that same year deeply in debt and the mortgage on Castleview was foreclosed. The castle&#39;s new owner, the Manhattan Life Insurance Company, allowed Mrs. Leland and her children to continue living there until 1880. The home was then leased by the Queens County Hunt Club for use as an inn, and thus became known as "Castle Inn" for two years.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, Adrian Iselin, Jr., a member of one of the Hunt Club families from Davenport Neck, purchased the castle and its surrounding acreage for the purpose of developing the land into a residential park. He paved surrounding streets, including Castle Place, put in gas lines and planted many trees, and soon the 40-acre original estate was diminished to just 2 1⁄2 acres, as Iselins Residence Park came to occupy much of the former grounds of Lelands estate.Sister Martha Counihan O.S.U. "Simeon Leland&#39;s Castle at New</p><br>
<p>Rochelle." Unpublished Masters Thesis. University of Delaware. 1973</p><br>
<p>The castle temporarily housed the New Rochelle Collegiate Institute, a boarding school for young boys, from 1889 - 1892, and later to Miss Morse&#39;s Academy for young ladies. In 1897, the castle was further damaged by a fire that broke out in the chimney and caused extensive damage to the roof, plaster, and second-floor woodwork. Uninsured, Miss Morse was forced to leave the castle, and with the promise by Iselin of repairs to the smoke and water damage, it was then purchased by Mother Irene Gill for her Ursuline Seminary.</p><br>
<p>Today, the residence survives in a suburban area more densely settled than the original grand country estate, and serves as a symbol of the fashion, taste, and lifestyle that Americans idealized in the latter part of the 19th century. It is also the only surviving example of the work of William Thomas Beers.</p><br>
<p>The castle, until 2019, housed the administrative offices of the College of New Rochelle and the college&#39;s Castle Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>The Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity House in Minneapolis, Minnesota is the University of Minnesota chapter house of Phi Gamma Delta. The house, located just across University Avenue from the East Bank Campus, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its distinctive architecture, as well as its role in the development of fraternity housing in Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Phi Gamma Delta chapter house, like many other fraternities adjacent to the U of M campus, is part of a "fraternity row" along University Avenue, and was part of a first wave of fraternity house construction between 1900 and 1917. Most of these houses featured prominent entries, with a porch or terrace, and had large living rooms and chapter meeting rooms on the first floor. Individual students usually had rooms on the second and third floors of these houses.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The house is a unique example of the Vienna Secession movement, making it unusual during a time when other fraternity houses were being designed with Classical Revival and other period revival architectural styles. The architect, Carl Stravs, used Vienna Secession features such as the overhanging roof slab with a rounded edge, pentagonal window openings on the ground floor, and decorations integrated with the main concrete structure. The living room on the first floor has a stone fireplace on the west wall, which Stravs called, "the center of all the social life in the fraternity house". The fireplace is built in rusticated limestone said to be salvaged from the university&#39;s Old Main building, which was destroyed by a fire in 1904. The wall has niches housing the busts of Greek philosophers, which were also reportedly salvaged from Old Main.</p><br>
<p>Stravs used reinforced concrete to provide fireproof construction. He also did this in accordance with his design principle for the building, which was, "to provide the most economical, simple and substantial rooming for the use of the junior members of the fraternity, with the least amount of space wasted." Thus, the heavy concrete piers and columns in the 35 ft by 30 ft living room are designed simply, without much ornamentation. The second and third floors each contained five bedrooms, with shared bathroom facilities.</p><br>
<p>Excelsior Public School is a former school building in Excelsior, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The school was built in the Georgian Revival style between 1899 and 1901 to serve Excelsior during a time of growth in the community. Before this building was built, two other school buildings were located on the site. The first was moved to 321-323 Third Street, and the second was destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>The building originally housed grades 1 through 7 in four classrooms on the first floor, and eighth-grade and high school students were on the second floor. At the time of its construction, it was deemed the finest school in rural Hennepin County. By 1908, the school served 308 students, and by 1915 the high school students had moved to a new building on Oak Street.</p><br>
<p>The school bell, mounted in a bell tower, had to be removed from the tower in 1962 because of a decaying structure. It was mounted on a granite pedestal next to the Excelsior Public Library in 1966. In 1964, the school was closed, and later became administrative offices for the Minnetonka School District. The building is currently used for office space.</p><br>
<p>The Schoolridge Farm, also known as School House Ridge, is a historic home located at Upper Fairmount, Somerset County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story two-bay side-hall / double pile Flemish bond brick house with a steeply pitched wood shingle roof, built about 1780. Attached to the house is a one-story frame kitchen wing and -story, three-bay frame addition. Also on the property is a 19th-century frame smokehouse, modern utility building and a screened-in gazebo.</p><br>
<p>The Schoolridge Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>William S. Smith House, also known as Croswell House and Phoebus House, is a historic home located at Oriole, Somerset County, Maryland. It is a two-story cross-shaped frame Queen Anne house, built about 1890. It features by a pair of three-story entrance towers with pyramidal roofs marked by kicked eaves, wooden finials, and weathervanes.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Reward, also known as Williams Point Farm, is a historic home located at Shelltown, Somerset County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story, gable-front brick dwelling with a steep gable roof with two diamond-shaped chimney stacks piercing the east slope of the roof. The main block is constructed of whitewashed brick laid in Flemish bond.</p><br>
<p>Reward was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>All Saints Church at Monie is a historic Episcopal church located at Venton, Somerset County, Maryland. It is a single-story Carpenter Gothic-style building, five bays across by one room deep built in 1881. It is a well-preserved example of a small, rural Carpenter Gothic church taken from the designs of Richard Upjohn. Also on the property is the cemetery with 18th, 19th, and 20th century burial sites and markers.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Hopkins House is located in Tecumseh, Kansas, USA. There are three contributing structures on the property; the house and barn, both built around 1859 and a coal shed built around 1920. The Greek Revival style limestone house has brick chimneys and a wooden porch. It is significant for its rare  architecture, its associations with the life of early settler Eli Hopkins and its reflection of the history of territorial Kansas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in January, 2009.</p><br>
<p>It was listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Block 35 Cobblestone Alley is located in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a 300 ft, 30 ft cobblestone alley, which bisects a city block known as Block 35 of the City of Little Rock. It was originally surfaced around 1889, and is one of the city&#39;s few surviving brick-paved alleys. It provides access to the rear of buildings facing President Clinton Boulevard. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in January, 2009.</p><br>
<p>It was listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July, 2008.</p><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at Kingston, Somerset County, Maryland. It is a single-story one-by-three-bay frame structure in the Greek Revival style, built in 1846 and moved to this site in 1924. Also on the property is cemetery with about a dozen 19th-century burials.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Protestant Episcopal Church is a historic frame Episcopal church located at Tulls Corner, Somerset County, Maryland. Built in 1848, it is a Carpenter Gothic-style church sheathed with beveled-edge board-and-batten siding. Also on the property is a cemetery surrounded by an early-20th century iron fence.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Zion Memorial Church, also known as Mt. Zion Methodist Episcopal Church or Mt. Zion United Methodist Church, is a historic Methodist Episcopal church located at Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland. It is a single-story asymmetrically planned T-shaped timber-frame structure constructed in 1887 and remodeled in 1916. It features a three-story entrance tower with an open belfry. It served the African-American community along Polks Road in northern Somerset County.</p><br>
<p>Its design is attributed to architect Benjamin D. Price, who sold church plans by catalogue orders.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Rock Creek Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic Methodist Episcopal church located at Chance, Somerset County, Maryland. It is a cross-plan Gothic-style church supported by a continuous common bond brick foundation, built in 1900. It features a three-story bell tower capped by a pyramidal spire. Also on the property is a single-story L-shaped frame church hall built in 1928.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Methodist Episcopal Church was a historic Methodist Episcopal church located at Westover, Somerset County, Maryland. It was a T-shaped frame Gothic church building erected around 1883. Its architecture reflects the influence of mail order plans promulgated in the late 19th century by the Methodist Church Board of Church Extension and corresponds to Church Plan No. 19A, Catalogue of Architectural Plans for Churches and Parsonages. It features a two-story tower with an open belfry. The church was torn down in March 2014.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic Methodist Episcopal church located at Hopewell, Somerset County, Maryland. It is a large single-story gable-front Gothic Revival frame church with four-story bell tower. It was built in 1850 and extensively reworked in 1901. Also on the property is a cemetery with 19th and 20th century markers.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Methodist Episcopal Church and Joshua Thomas Chapel is a historic Methodist Episcopal church complex located at Deal Island, Somerset County, Maryland. The complex consists of St. Johns Methodist Episcopal Church, an 1879 frame Gothic building; Joshua Thomas Chapel, an 1850 Greek Revival frame structure; and the surrounding cemetery with 19th and 20th century burials and markers. The church features a three-story bell tower. The chapel is the oldest site in Somerset County in continuous use for Methodist meetings, which began in tents in 1828.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Quindocqua United Methodist Church is a historic United Methodist church located at Marion, Somerset County, Maryland. It is a single-story, roughly cruciform frame building resting on a raised foundation of common bond brick erected in 1913. It features pointed-arch colored glass windows on three sides, fishscale shingles in the gables, and a three-story bell tower topped by a pyramidal roof. The interior presents a well-preserved example of early-20th-century church design with its ramped floor, semicircular seating, pressed metal ceiling, and period lighting fixtures.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Rehoboth Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Rehoboth, Maryland in Somerset County near the Pocomoke River and Chesapeake Bay.</p><br>
<p>Founded by Francis Makemie in 1683, the Rehoboth Church is the oldest continuously Presbyterian church in America. The current church structure was built by Makemie on his own land at personal expense in 1706. The building received extensive interior modifications and rearrangement of some windows and doors in 1888, and further renovations were completed in 1956.</p><br>
<p>William Stevens, an influential Somerset County citizen and member of the established Church of England (attending at the nearby Coventry Parish Ruins) issued a call to the Reverend Francis Makemie (1658–1708), an Ulster Scots clergyman who arrived in the colony and became known as the "Father of American Presbyterianism."</p><br>
<p>The old church is a simple one-story Flemish bond brick building, three bays wide by three deep, constructed about 1706. It was remodeled in 1888, and the original clear glass windows were replaced with the present leaded ones. The interior features a barrel-vault wooden ceiling, box pews with single raised panel on the ends, and a paneled gallery. A cemetery surrounds it, and several other buildings in complementary styles were erected nearby.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Coventry Parish Ruins are the remnants of a historic Episcopal church located at Rehobeth, Somerset County, Maryland. Coventry Parish was one of the original 30 Anglican parishes in the Province of Maryland established when Marylands legislators established the Church of England as the colonys government-supported religion in 1692. These old parishes often had a church and several chapels of ease near population centers. This building, stands surrounded by farm fields and a historic Presbyterian Church near the Pocomoke River in what was then called Rehoboth but is now Rehobeth, Maryland to distinguish it from a beachfront community in Delaware.</p><br>
<p>Coventry Parishs vestry erected a two-story seven-by-three-bay Flemish bond brick church between 1785 and 1788, one of the most difficult times for the denomination in Maryland, since it reorganized as the Episcopal Church as well as was disestablished (lost state support). At the time of its construction, the 76 foot by 56 foot structure was the largest Episcopal church on Marylands Eastern Shore, only slightly smaller than Hungars Church further down the Delmarva Peninsula in Northampton County, Virginia. It was partially built using bricks from an older church nearby, which was dismantled. The church remained in use until the late 19th century, when the few remaining parishioners decided to combine with what had been the chapel of ease, St. Paul&#39;s at Marion, Maryland (where Maryland route 667, on which this stands connects to USA Route 13 down the Delmarva Peninsula, as well as Maryland Route 413). The ruined edifice was stabilized in 1928 and again in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The ruin has been reduced to three primary walls, since the south wall rises only a foot above ground level, except for one single-story pier, and was once known for its 10 arches.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Crisfield Armory is a historic National Guard armory located at Crisfield, Somerset County, Maryland, United States. It is two stories tall with a full basement, emulates a Medieval fortification, and was built in 1927. Attached to the rear of this two-story main block is a narrower one-story drill hall. The front features a central section flanked by two, three-story tall towers. The State Seal of Maryland appears in a large square stone panel at the roofline, surmounted by three crenelles with stone caps. It is located within the boundaries of the Crisfield Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Crisfield Armory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Buchanan County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located at Grundy, Buchanan County, Virginia. It was built in 1905–06. The Renaissance Revival style building is the only building in the downtown with pretensions to architectural sophistication. Designed by architect Frank Pierce Milburn, the design employs local stone, emphasized with a corner clock tower topped with a belvedere. A 1915 fire gutted most of the downtown, including the courthouse, which was rebuilt and expanded by 1917.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Grayson County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse located at Independence, Grayson County, Virginia. It was built in 1908 to replace an 1850 building. Designed by architect Frank Pierce Milburn and built by E.L. Robbins of Grassy Creek, Virginia, the eclectic brick building employs a Flemish gable flanked by turrets.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Historic 1908 Courthouse</h2><br>
<p>In 1979 the county opened a new courthouse. The 1908 building now serves as an area art and cultural center that is operated by the Historic 1908 Courthouse Foundation, and houses the Grayson Crossroads Museum, Baldwin Auditorium, Treasury Gift Shop, and offices housing businesses and other non-profit organizations.</p><br>
<p>The Grayson Crossroads Museum is a museum of local history, with photos, pioneer and household artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The Baldwin Auditorium seats over 200 people and is located in the former courtroom space. The multi-purpose space is available for rental.</p><br>
<p>The McDowell County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Welch, West Virginia. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in two phases. The first part was built in 1893 in the Romanesque Revival style. It was the earliest independent work of architect Frank P. Milburn, then practicing in Kenova. Milburn would go on to be prolific designer of courthouses in the southern states. He reported that the original brick design had been built in stone, and that the jail had been turned around, but stated that "the contractors had done a good job of which they could justly be proud." Due to space constraints, the county decided to build an addition in 1908. W. E. & E. L. Shufflebarger of Bluefield were the architects chosen, and the complementary addition was completed in 1909. It was built to the north of the original structure.</p><br>
<p>On in the courthouse yard, John Hardy, a black railroad worker, was hanged for murdering a man in Eckman, WV, then known as the Shawnee Coal Camp, over a gambling dispute. This January 19, 1894, execution was the subject of a song: "John Hardy," which remains a staple of folk, blues, and bluegrass music. John Hardy is thought to be the original John Henry</p><br>
<p>On August 1, 1921, detectives from the Baldwin-Felts agency assassinated Matewan Police Chief Sid Hatfield on the courthouse steps. At that time, Hatfield was a major labor leader within the coalfields of West Virginia. His association with the United Mine Workers and Mary Harris Mother Jones were nationally known. This act set the confrontational tone for labor relations within West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Pier A, also known as City Pier A, is a pier in the Hudson River at Battery Park in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It was built from 1884 to 1886 as the headquarters of the New York City Board of Dock Commissioners  and the New York City Police Department &#39;s Harbor Department. Pier A, the only remaining masonry pier in New York City, contains a two- and three-story structure with a clock tower facing the Hudson River. The pier is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .</p><br>
<p>The building atop Pier A was designed by George Sears Greene Jr. The original structure is two stories tall and extends west into the Hudson River; the clock tower at the southwestern corner of the building. The eastern, or inshore, end of Pier A was constructed in 1900 and expanded to three stories in 1904. The pier itself is composed of a concrete deck supported by girders. The building originally housed offices for the NYPD and Docks Department, which were subsequently converted into restaurant spaces.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Docks started constructing the pier in July 1884; although the pier deck was completed in 1885, the building was not finished until early 1886. The NYPD occupied Pier A until 1955, while the Department of Docks relocated to the Battery Maritime Building in 1959. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) used the pier from 1960 to 1992 as a fireboat station. Following a failed attempt to demolish Pier A as part of the development of Battery Park City in the 1970s, the structure was added to the NRHP and became a city landmark. Mayor Ed Koch selected Wings Point Associates to redevelop Pier A in 1988, but the redevelopment was stalled for the next two decades. Pier A was temporarily used as a commuter ferry landing after the September 11 attacks. After the Battery Park City Authority leased Pier A in 2008, it was renovated into a restaurant called Harbor House, which operated from 2014 to 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>Pier A is on the Hudson River, in the Battery Park City neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, near the southern end of Manhattan Island. The pier is on the North River, the southernmost portion of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Harbor immediately to the south. It abuts the northern end of Battery Park, just south of the intersection of West Street and Battery Place. It extends into the river at a 116.5-degree angle from the bulkhead along Battery Park&#39;s shoreline.</p><br>
<p>The pier is part of the eponymous Pier A Plaza, which opened to the public in November 2014. Pier A Plaza includes pedestrian space and a bike path. It is part of the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway and connects with Robert F. Wagner Jr. Park to the north. In 1991, the American Merchant Mariners&#39; Memorial was installed on a rebuilt stone breakwater just south of Pier A, connected to it by a dock. Designed by the sculptor Marisol Escobar, the memorial depicts four merchant seamen with their sinking vessel after it had been attacked by a U-boat during World War II. One of the seamen is in the water and is covered by the sea with each high tide.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building atop Pier A is generally two to three stories tall, except for a four-story clock tower at the southwestern corner of the building. Pier A&#39;s current design dates to 1919, when the clock was added. It is sometimes nicknamed the "Liberty Gateway" despite never having been a major disembarkation point.</p><br>
<h3>Form and facade</h3><br>
<p>The eastern or inshore end of Pier A was constructed in 1900 as a square two-story annex, which was expanded to three stories in 1904. It extends about inland. The inshore annex&#39;s facade is divided vertically into three bays each on its northern, eastern, and southern elevations. The bays are divided by one-story pilasters, and a cornice runs above the third story. The eastern elevation includes a large archway on the ground floor (originally used by horse-drawn carriages), which is flanked by smaller openings with architraves. On the second and third stories of the eastern elevation, there is a triple window in the center bay and a single window on either side. Above the third story, the center bay contains a triangular pediment with seashell decorations, originally decorated with the letter "A". On the northern and southern elevations, the inshore annex has a double window in each bay, as well as a segmentally arched pediment at the center above the third story. The inshore annex is topped by a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>Just west of Pier A&#39;s inshore annex is another three-story section with a flat roof. The central section is topped by a hip roof, with several monitors protruding from the roof, as well as a gable at the western end. The Battery Park City Authority (BPCA) replaced the copper roof during the early 21st century.</p><br>
<p>There is a square clock tower at the southwestern corner of Pier A, measuring tall with a pyramidal roof at its peak. According to a Department of Marine and Aviation spokesperson quoted in The New York Times, it was the first memorial in the United States dedicated to those who died in World War I. Unlike other civil bells, but similarly to simple ship bells, there are eight bells, one for each half-hour of a four-hour watch. At half-hour intervals, the bell is struck between one time (at 12:30, 4:30, and 8:30) and eight times (at 12:00, 4:00, and 8:00).</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<h4>Structural features</h4><br>
<p>Pier A was built with a masonry foundation, unlike similar piers of the time, which were typically built on wooden piles. An earlier masonry pier, East River Pier 1, had been built nearby at Whitehall Street in 1875; the New York City government largely stopped constructing masonry piers after captains complained that the piers caused damage to their ships. Pier A, which was not intended to accommodate large ships, was one of the few masonry piers built after East River Pier 1 was completed. The eastern end of the building was intended to store the Department of Docks&#39; records and was fireproof. Unusual for buildings of the late 19th century, Pier A had its own central heating system, gas lights, and water supply system. The building was covered with several layers of insulation.</p><br>
<p>The underlying layer of bedrock was as shallow as below mean low water, above which was a layer of soft mud, thus preventing the installation of iron or wooden pilings. As such, the mud above the bedrock was removed when the dock was built, and a timber "crib" was sunken into the water at the site of the dock. This "crib", measuring across and high; sand and trap rock were used as ballast to sink the crib into the water. Divers then filled the timber crib with concrete bags. Another layer of concrete was poured above these bags and then leveled off, providing a foundation for the rectangular concrete blocks that were placed above these bags. Eight granite sub-piers were then laid above the rectangular concrete blocks to a height of above mean high water. The sub-piers support the deck of the maritime pier, which consist of concrete arches and iron girders. The surface of the deck was covered with a layer of asphalt.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>Originally, most of the ground floor was a unified space, except for the westernmost and the easternmost of the ground story, where a central hallway divided each end into multiple rooms. The second story included a hallway flanked by the Dock Department&#39;s offices. The NYPD used a watch tower on the southwestern corner of the second floor, and the Department of Docks had a record room at the eastern end.</p><br>
<p>The building contains an Art Deco-style room that was used as the Docks Commissioner&#39;s office. The second floor became a multi-room restaurant space with a cocktail bar. The restaurant space included a bar measuring long, as well as a stained-glass chandelier with the letter "A". The third floor became an event space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The New York State Legislature revised the New York City Charter in 1870 to create the New York City Board of Dock Commissioners. The following year, the department published a plan for the development of piers on the city&#39;s waterfront, which the state legislature approved. Any subsequent piers had to be approved separately, including Pier A, which was not part of the 1871 plan. The Docks Department initially faced resistance from businesses on the waterfront, which previously had been subjected to little or no city regulation.</p><br>
<h3>Docks Department use</h3><br>
<h4>Development and early years</h4><br>
<p>The New York State Legislature amended the Docks Departments plan in 1884, requiring the Docks Department to develop a pier for the NYPDs Harbor Department. The commissioners directed the Department of Docks to construct a new pier with offices for the Harbor Department, as well as for the Department of Docks own headquarters. on July 3, 1884. Work on the building atop Pier A commenced in September 1885. The building cost $40,000 to construct, bringing the projects total cost to $120,000.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Docks moved into the building on March 20, 1886, The year after Pier A&#39;s opening, the Chicago Daily Tribune reported that maritime crimes in New York Harbor had decreased drastically. Subsequently, the Commercial Cable Company transferred the receiving station for its transatlantic telegraph cable from Coney Island to Pier A, as the receiving station at Coney Island had experienced excessive electrical interference from streetcars. In 1899, the NYPD reestablished its Steamboat Squad, which patrolled the waters around lower Manhattan and was headquartered at Pier A. To make way for the Steamboat Squad, the Harbor Department relocated its offices to the western end of the building.</p><br>
<h4>Expansion and 20th century</h4><br>
<p>The Department of Docks engineer-in-chief introduced plans in February 1900 to extend Pier A about eastward. The first two stories of the eastward annex were constructed at this time, and a third story was built above the eastern annex in 1904. the project took over a year to complete. Pier A was the homeport of the Harbor Department patrol boat Patrol, which traveled around New York Harbor nightly until she was retired in 1916. During World War I, the Harbor Department officers at Pier A were trained to guard against attacks by foreign enemies. After the end of World War I, a clock was installed in the piers tower as a memorial to 116,000 US servicemen who died during World War I. Two years later, the NYPD acquired the speedboat Battery, which was based out of Pier A.</p><br>
<p>Numerous notable figures sailed to New York City through Pier A during the mid-20th century, including former British prime minister David Lloyd George; aviator Charles Lindbergh; Crown Prince Olav and Princess Martha of Norway; and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of England. The pier also hosted events, such as a showcase of products from Florida, as well as an exhibition of a U-boat captured during World War II. Docks Department employees dedicated a bronze tablet at Pier A, honoring former docks commissioner Michael Cosgrove, in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Docks requested funding from the New York City Council in 1938 to erect a new administration building on Pier A. By 1941, docks commissioner John McKenzie had prepared plans for a new building on the site. The project was part of New York City park commissioner Robert Moses&#39;s plan to rebuild Battery Park, which he presented to the New York City Board of Estimate in March 1942. The Pier A building would be replaced with a larger facility that housed the Department of Docks, the NYPD, and a nearby New York City Fire Department (FDNY) station. The Department of Docks subsequently became the Department of Marine and Aviation. Instead, by 1952, the Department of Marine and Aviation was planning to relocate to the Battery Maritime Building on the East River, allowing the FDNY and NYPD to consolidate their space at Pier A.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Marine and Aviation built a heliport at Pier A, which opened on June 11, 1953, as the second heliport operated by the city government. Initially, the heliport was primarily used by the NYPD. The Department of Marine and Aviation requested $600,000 in 1958 to convert North River piers A and 1 into cargo piers. Eleven hundred employees of the Department of Marine and Aviation relocated from Pier A to the Battery Maritime Building in February 1959. By that time, Pier A only housed the department&#39;s executive and administrative staff, while other Marine and Aviation offices were housed in various buildings nearby. The city government planned to turn Pier A over to the FDNY and NYPD.</p><br>
<h3>Fireboat station</h3><br>
<p>The FDNY used the pier from 1960 to 1992 as a fireboat station. Pier A was the headquarters of Marine Fire Company 1, The pier was also used to commission or re-commission FDNY fireboats, including the John Purroy Mitchel, the Governor Alfred E. Smith, and the John H. Glenn Jr. Marine Fire Company 8, which used the Governor Alfred A. Smith, also docked at Pier A until 1970, when Governor Alfred E. Smith was retired and Marine Co. 8 was disbanded. Most of the decorations on the facade were covered by corrugated iron panels as part of a 1964 renovation. FDNY commissioner Edward Thompson said at the time: "Instead of an eyesore, it will be a fond sight for the people passing through the harbor."</p><br>
<p>By 1966, the New York City Planning Commission sought to preserve piers A and 1, as they were part of the "New York cultural milieu". In 1969, the Battery Park City Authority (BPCA) acquired Pier A as part of its development of the Battery Park City neighborhood, with plans to raze the structure. The nonprofit New York Landmarks Conservancy wanted the pier to be saved, Mario Biaggi, a candidate in the 1973 New York City mayoral election, advocated for Pier A to be protected "as a landmark of beauty and historical significance and as a permanent memorial to American soldiers".</p><br>
<p>The federal government added Pier A to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in mid-1975. The NRHP designation allowed city and state agencies to receive matching funds from the federal government to pay for Pier A&#39;s renovation. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Pier A as a New York City landmark on July 12, 1977. After winning the 1977 New York City mayoral election, Ed Koch intended to restore structures on New York Harbor, starting with Pier A. Koch announced in 1980 that the city government would open a request for proposals for the redevelopment of Pier A. However, the plans did not proceed for several years.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment</h3><br>
<h4>Initial proposals</h4><br>
<p>By 1987, the Koch administration was considering converting Pier A into a visitor center as part of the planned Harbor Park, a complex of parks around New York Harbor. That December, the Koch administration proposed relocating the headquarters of the FDNYs Marine Division, a repair shop, and several other offices while keeping Marine Company 1 at Pier A. City officials planned a visitor center on the ground level and restaurants on the upper stories. The city opened a request for proposals for Pier As redevelopment in January 1988, Later that year, the city selected Wings Point Associates as the site developer. Another bidder, the Abbracciamento Group, had put forth a more profitable proposal; however, the city rejected the plan because Abbracciamento had wanted to buy a boat and relocate the restaurant there. The other two bidders were Pier A Development Group, which had proposed an upscale restaurant and a fast-food restaurant, and Municipal Quality Partners, which had proposed an upscale restaurant, bookstore, and food bank.</p><br>
<p>Wings Point signed a 50-year lease on the building and planned to spend $20 million on rehabilitation. To facilitate Pier A&#39;s redevelopment, in mid-1991, USA representative Ted Weiss proposed that the waters around Pier A be declared non-navigable. Because the federal government could easily condemn a structure in navigable waters, it was difficult to obtain financing for such structures, including Pier A.</p><br>
<p>By early 1993, the developers planned to begin renovating Pier A later that year. As late as April 1999, Pier A was planned to open by the end of that year. A replica of the slave ship La Amistad was temporarily docked at Pier A in July 2000, but the pier was otherwise unused and decrepit during the early 2000s, except for its clock tower.</p><br>
<h4>Ferry dock plans</h4><br>
<p>After the September 11 attacks in 2001 caused severe disruptions to the city&#39;s transportation system, the city and state governments built a temporary dock for commuter ferries at Pier A, constructing six slips within six weeks of the attack to address passenger crowding issues at Pier 11. The city and state governments allowed NY Waterway to operate ferries there. New York Water Taxi started serving Pier A in late 2002, as part of an expansion of ferry service in New York City after the September 11 attacks. The temporary ferry terminal closed in December 2003, after ferry ridership had decreased following the reopening of the World Trade Center PATH station.</p><br>
<p>New York governor George Pataki announced in January 2003 that the Battery Park City Authority (BPCA) would buy out Pier A to speed up the redevelopment process. At the time, the National Park Service (NPS), which conducted security screenings of Liberty Island and Ellis Island visitors at the nearby Castle Clinton, wished to relocate its security-screening facility to Pier A. The same year, Wings Point sued NY Waterway because the latter company had not paid landing fees to use Pier A.</p><br>
<p>William B. Wachtel of Wings Point formed the BillyBey Ferry Company in early 2005 to take over NY Waterways Lower Manhattan operations, and he tentatively planned to launch New York Harbor sightseeing cruises from Pier A. NY Waterway had planned to start operating sightseeing cruises from Pier A in April 2006, but the EDC did not allow NY Waterway to use the pier. Arnie Geller presented a competing plan to open an RMS Titanic museum at Pier A, and the BPCA also wanted to acquire the pier. The NPS was still planning to relocate its security-screening facilities to Pier A, but the plan was delayed because of disputes between the EDC and Wings Point. The city government entered a tentative agreement with the NPS in April 2007 and, a few months later, acquired Wings Points lease for $8 million.</p><br>
<p>The BPCA leased the pier from the city for 49 years in May 2008, paying a nominal fee of $1 a year. The BPCA hoped to convert Pier A into a transportation hub and negotiated with the NPS to relocate its security-screening facilities to Pier A. The NPS reneged from this plan in 2009, expressing concerns over the cost and timeline of Pier A&#39;s renovation. The BPCA made several modifications to Pier A between 2008 and 2013, including repairing the masonry foundations, replacing the roof, and installing modern electrical and plumbing systems.</p><br>
<h4>Harbor House</h4><br>
<p>After the NPS withdrew from its plan to lease Pier A, four bidders submitted proposals to the BPCA for a renovation of the structure. The bidders included Peter Poulakakos, who wished to convert the pier into a restaurant, and Joseph J. Grano Jr., who proposed an Italian heritage museum at the pier. prompting community members to complain that the BPCA had not consulted them about the plans beforehand. Poulakakos and his partners would pay $41 million over the duration of their lease. Under the terms of the lease, if the restaurant&#39;s gross revenue exceeded $18 million, the BPCA would share eight percent of any gross revenue above that amount. Poulakakos hoped to open the restaurant by late 2012,</p><br>
<p>The $20 million renovation was delayed by several months after Hurricane Sandy flooded Pier A in late 2012, causing $4.3 million in damage. In the hurricanes aftermath, the architects relocated the mechanical equipment to the second floor, The BPCA transferred control of Pier A to Poulakakos in mid-2013, although the agency was still responsible for constructing a plaza outside the building, work on which had been delayed by a lack of funding. The New York City government allocated $5 million for the plazas development. more than three decades after the redevelopment project had started. The Blacktail Bar, a Cuban bar on Pier A&#39;s second story, opened in August 2016 and operated until January 2020.</p><br>
<p>Harbor House closed in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The BPCA sought to reopen Harbor House, but the restaurant ultimately never opened again, even as Poulakakos continued to operate other restaurants in New York City. A group of investors with EB-5 visas, who had provided $16.5 million for Pier As renovation, sued Poulakako to recoup their investment. Statue Cruises, which operated ferries to Liberty and Ellis islands, proposed relocating its ferry dock to Pier A, as Statue Cruises existing dock at Castle Clinton was deteriorating. As part of the Lower Manhattan Coastal Resiliency Project, in 2022, the BPCA proposed converting Pier A Plaza into a two-story park to protect the surrounding neighborhood from rising sea levels. Pier A Plaza was to contain retractable flood barriers on its upper level, as well as wooden benches, trees, and brick structures that could withstand prolonged flooding. The Battery Park City Authority sued the operators of Pier A&#39;s restaurants in early 2023 for $8 million.</p><br>
<p>The Summers County Courthouse in Hinton, West Virginia, is a red brick Romanesque Revival or late Victorian building, originally constructed in 1875–76. The building was remodeled between 1893 and 1898 by architect Frank Pierce Milburn, who added octagonal turrets at the corners. A 1923 addition followed suit with another square with two towers. A plan 1930s addition followed. A cast-iron stairway in the northwest tower ascends to the courtroom.</p><br>
<p>The Putnam County Courthouse uses a similar arrangement of turrets around a square mass.</p><br>
<p>Lihiwai was the residence of Territorial Governor George R. Carter in Honolulu, Hawaii. It was designed by the architects Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and Hardie Phillip, built in 1927–29, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and its boundaries increased in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Governor Carters wife, Eastman Kodak heiress Helen Strong Carter, appears to have had some influence on the design, because the ladies powder room is much larger than the mens smoking room. The houses 40 rooms include servants quarters, which can be distinguished by their lower, 9 ft ceilings, compared with 11 ft ceilings elsewhere, as well as small rooms for arranging flowers and storing luggage. The basement and upper floors are connected by elevator, grand staircase, and servants staircase. The 45 servants included 10 who worked inside the house and 35 who tended the 10 acre grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Carters occupied the house in 1930, but the governor died in 1933, and Mrs. Carter died in 1946. During World War II, she left the house in the care of relatives who opened it to military personnel for R&R. The house was sold after she died, and most of the lower grounds were subdivided into house lots.</p><br>
